Iron oxide: a synthetic coating that is popular all over the world

Iron oxide is a compound with the formula Fe2O3. It is one of three iron oxides. The others are the rare ferrous oxides (of FeO) and the triiron tetroxide minerals (of Fe3O4). Hematite, or iron oxide, is another name. It is the most important source of iron used in steelmaking. It is also susceptible to acidic corrosion. Iron oxide, also known as rust, is a common term. It isn’t always a problem because rust can have several similar characteristics. To chemists rust is a vague substance known as hydrated ferr oxide. Fe2O3 is available in different crystal forms. Iron has an octahedral six-coordinate structure among the main a or g configuration iron oxids. What is iron oxide pigment?
Iron oxide pigments refers to four main types of color pigments made from iron oxides. These are iron oxide yellow, black and brown, as well as iron oxide red. Iron oxide is the predominant pigment (approximately 50%). The category of iron pigments also includes mica ironoxide used as anti-rust pigment, magnetic ironoxide used as a recording material and magnetic ironoxide. Iron oxide is a large inorganic colour pigment, second only to titanium dioxide.
Synthetic iron oxide is a pigment that accounts for more than 70% of the iron oxides used. Synthetic Iron Oxide is widely used for building materials, paints, and plastics. This is because it has high synthetic purity, a uniform particle size and wide chromatogram. Electronics, tobacco, medicine, ceramics, ink, magnetic materials, papermaking, and other fields.

Applications and performance of iron oxide
1. Iron and Steel Industry: Iron oxide is used primarily as a material for the iron and steel sector.
2. Surface polishing: ultra fine iron oxide powder, also known as “red rouge” or “rouge”, is used for surface polishing. It has long been used for cosmetic purposes and to polish metals and lenses. Although iron oxide’s cutting speed is slower than that of some polishing agents used today (such as cerium dioxide), it is still employed in the optical industry and jewelry because it produces excellent finishes. Rouge will contaminate gold when polishing it and affect the final product’s appearance. Rouge comes in the form or powders, pastes and polishing cloths. It can also be sold as solid sticks containing wax or lubricant binders. Many other polishing products are referred to by the term “Rouge” even though they don’t contain iron oxide. Jewelers use ultrasonic cleansing to remove rouge residue from jewelry. For leather shaving, “scraping” compounds are used to achieve sharp edges for knives, hair straightening razers, or other edge tools.
Different colors of iron dioxide in different hydrates. (a = Red, b= Yellow).
3. Iron oxide can be used in cosmetics as a dye. Pigment Brown 6 and Pigment Red 101 have been approved as cosmetic pigments by the US Food and Drug Administration. For dental composites, titanium dioxide and iron oxide are combined as a pigment.
The world’s cheapest energy-storage device—iron-air batteries
Iron-air batteries that can be recharged at home are a cost-effective alternative to traditional power plants, and they only cost a fraction of what lithium-ion batteries do. Energy transition is dependent on finding ways to consolidate renewable energies. Long-term, cheap and safe batteries that store energy can be the key to the energy transition. This is because they are able to solve the variable nature of solar and wind energy.
The average storage cost of large lithium-ion cells was set at US$132-245/MWh by a French financial advisor in their industry standard annual report. Iron-air battery storage, at one-tenth that price, will be the cheapest energy storage solution available for a certain distance.
The personnel responsible for developing this battery stated: “This battery will be able to provide reliable, safe and 100% renewable electricity throughout the entire year.”
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Iron oxide is a compound with the formula Fe2O3. It is one of three iron oxides. The others are the rare ferrous oxides (of FeO) […]

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The Main Synthesis Method of Titanium Carbide

What is titanium carbide?

TiC is a gray cubic crystal, which is not soluble in water. It has a high chemical stability and can be dissolved by aqua regia or nitric and hydrofluoric acids.

TiC has a metallic luster and is gray with an iron grey color. It belongs to a simple cubic NaCl structure. The lattice is 0.4329 nanometers. The space group Fm3m. TiC has strong covalent bonding between the carbon atoms, and titanium atoms. These bonded atoms are similar in many ways to metals. For example, they have a high melting temperature, a high boiling temperature, and high hardness. Their electrical conductivity is also good. TiC can be used in a variety of products, including cermets (heat-resistant alloys), cemented carbides (anti-wear materials), high-temperature radiation materials, and high-temperature vacuum devices.

Method of synthesis of titanium carbide

As raw materials, titanium dioxide and carbon black are used.

The dry powder mixture of high-purity titania dioxide and carbon black is mixed proportionally and pressed in a hydrogen-filled atmosphere in either a vertical or horizontal carbon tube heater. At 19002300degC reduction to get block TiC and then pulverization for titanium carbide product. Or, using carbon black and sponge titanium as raw materials. Carbon black (or titanium alloy or titanium waste recovered in carbide solid solution), sponge Titanium and titanium alloy are combined in full proportions and heated at 1500-17degC with a high-purity hydrogen stream. Titanium carbide.


Direct carbonization of Titanium Metal:

Titanium powder (reduced with sodium or decomposed by titanium hydride; less than 325 mesh), mixed with carbon-black, is molded at a pressure of 0.98 Pa. It was then placed into a container of graphite and heated up to 1500-17degC using a high-purity stream of hydrogen to infiltrate carbon. The reaction temperature, holding time and particle size are dependent on the raw material.


Gas phase reaction method:

The steam from the titanium tetrachloride mixture is then mixed with hydrocarbons containing hydrogen (benzene, methane, etc.). After induction heating (or other methods), the steam is sent to deposit titanium carbide on the substrate. The reaction precipitates titania carbide on substrate. The precipitated titanium carbide has a different form depending on the reaction conditions.

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What is titanium carbide? TiC is a gray cubic crystal, which is not soluble in water. It has a high chemical stability and can be […]

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Si3N4 Powder Silicon Nitride Ceramics Properties

Silicon nitride Inorganic substance Si3N4 has the chemical formula. It is a ceramic material of high wear resistance, inherent lubricity and hardness. The atomic crystal silicon nitride resists oxidation when heated to high temperatures.
It is a synthetic ceramic. Because the covalent bonds between silicon atoms, and nitrogen atoms, in its structure, are strong, it has high strength.

Silicon Nitride: Properties

Normal temperature strength and high fracture toughness are characteristics of silicon nitride. They will maintain their strength at high temperatures. The properties of the material are:

(1) Silicon Nitride material is low in linear expansion, has good thermal conductivity and thermal shock resistance,
(2) The hardness level of silicon nitride, at 99.5, is the second highest in the world, only behind diamond and BN.
This material is also wear resistant and self-lubricating.
(4) Silicon nitride exhibits good mechanical properties.
(5) Silicon nitride has excellent insulation properties at high temperatures;
(6) Silicon nitride is very stable and does not corrode by any inorganic acid except hydrofluoric. It can be found in some alkalis.
When silicon nitride materials are oxidized, they form a dense layer of silicon dioxide on their surface. This film prevents continued oxidation. Its oxidation resist temperature can reach 1400. In reducing atmosphere, it can also be used to up to 1870.
Silicon nitride has a non-wetting property with high-temperature metallic solution and molten steel slag. This makes it an excellent corrosion-resistant slag material and high-temperature filter.

Material industry views silicon nitride ceramic as an excellent engineering ceramic with comprehensive performance. It can also be used for high temperature fields.

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Silicon nitride Inorganic substance Si3N4 has the chemical formula. It is a ceramic material of high wear resistance, inherent lubricity and hardness. The atomic crystal […]

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New discovery of the Gallium nitride material’s advantage

Gallium nitride is a large-bandgap semiconductor.Gallium nitride can be used to make microwave power transistors. It is used in the development of optoelectronics and microelectronics. It has similar performance, strong resistance against radiation, direct band gap, atom, and high thermal conductivity.
When used and stored as specified, the product will not decompose.
Avoid contact with oxidants, heat and moisture.
At 1050 deg. C, Gallium nitride starts to decompose: 2Gallium (s)= 2Ga(g)+N2(g). Gallium Nitride Crystals are classified as wurtzite type hexagonal systems by X-ray Diffraction.
Gallium Nitride is not decomposed by cold or heated water, concentrated or dilute hydrochloric acid (including nitric and sulfuric acids), or cold 40% HF. It is stable when cold concentrated alkali is used, and it becomes soluble with alkali on heating.
Gallium nitride: Benefits and advantages
Global semiconductor research is currently at the forefront of the development of new materials, such as gallium nitride. The development of new semiconductor materials is focused on microelectronics, optoelectronics, and other devices. As a successor to Si, Ge is a semiconductor material that includes SiC, diamonds, and similar materials. Semiconductor material, second generation GaAs, InP composite semiconductor materials, third generation semiconductor materials. It has a direct band-gap of a wide range, atomic bonds that are strong, high thermal conduction, good chemical resistance (no acid can corrode it), and radiation resistance. It has a broad range of application possibilities for photoelectrical, high temperature and high power devices and high frequency microwave devices.
Gallium nitride has overcome a major setback for transistors
Imagine that silicon-based products are more expensive than devices made of gallium nitride. Cost-effectiveness is a strong argument. For example, Gallium nitride devices can be used instead of silicon in situations where lower power loss and higher power density are needed.
Gallium nitride Systems – a manufacturer of Gallium nitride – designed a low-current and high-capacity Gallium nitride Power Transistor for industrial and consumer applications. The cost was less than $1.00.
Efficient power conversion (EPC), has been promoting Gallium-nitride for the past 14 years. They claim that Gallium-nitride is going to replace silicon in semiconductors one day. But EPC’s claims have some validity. Since they are made in a similar way to silicon, gallium-nitride transistors or integrated circuits can be manufactured without excessive changes.
Gallium nitride substrates are also smaller and suitable for applications with low voltage (500V). Packaging costs will be reduced by 50% compared with silicon-based packages.
EPC Solutions was attracted to the solution because it is based on Gallium nitride and has better performance with lower manufacturing costs. Look at EPC’s solution that uses Gallium nitride for more efficient components.
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Gallium nitride is a large-bandgap semiconductor.Gallium nitride can be used to make microwave power transistors. It is used in the development of optoelectronics and microelectronics. […]

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What is the role and mechanism of water

On construction sites or in home improvements, we see concrete being used a lot. It is important to add a water-reducing additive to concrete. Why is it necessary to add water-reducing agents to concrete and what are the functions and mechanisms of this additive. The answers will be revealed next.

What is water?

A surfactant is the main chemical component of water reducing agents. Water reducing agent can be used to reduce the amount water required in concrete. It also improves the strength and durability. This additive reduces the amount of cement required, lowers the cost and improves the quality of construction.

What’s the purpose and functionality of the water-reducing agent?

They include, in particular, the following elements

1. This water-reducing additive contains a surfactant which can be used to spread cement particles. It will reduce the need for water.

2. Agents that reduce water can have a dispersing effect on the concrete, preventing it from drying out and settling.

3. Reduced water absorption: These substances reduce the number of pores in concrete and improve its durability.

The evolution of water-reducing agent:

1 . The first generation of water reducing agents

Ordinary water-reducing agent (water reduction ratio) >= Plasticizer (also known as lignosulfonate) is the most important representative of the system of lignosulfonates. ).

2 . Second generation water-reducing agent

High-efficiency water-reducing agents (water-reduction rate >= The main representative of melamine systems, aminosulfonate systems, and the aliphatic system.

3 . Third generation water reducing agents

Water-reducing agent with high performance (water-reduction rate). >= It is a water-reducing polycarboxylic agent that can be classified into early strength, standard strength, and slow setting type.

and , the water-reducing agents , play a major role in concrete. The agent will not only improve the strength and durability, but it will also reduce the concrete needed. It is for this reason that water-reducing chemicals are an important chemical component in construction.

On construction sites or in home improvements, we see concrete being used a lot. It is important to add a water-reducing additive to concrete. Why […]

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The Properties and Multi-band Superconductivity of Magnesium Boride

What is Magnesium Boride?

Magnesium boron diboride is an ionic complex with a hexagonal crystalline structure. It is a compound of intercalation with alternate layers of magnesium, and boron.

Researchers discovered in the year 2001 that a seemingly ordinary compound, magnesium Diboride, becomes a Superconductor in temperatures just a little below 40K (i.e. -233degC). Its working temperature ranges from 20-30K, which is twice the temperature of other superconductors. You can use liquid hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, or closed-cycle refrigeration to reach this temperature. These methods are easier and cheaper than industrial cooling of niobium alloys (4K), which uses liquid helium. When magnesium boride is doped either with carbon or another impurity, it can be as superconductive as niobium or even more so in the presence magnetic fields or currents. Applications include superconducting magnetic fields, power transmission cables, and sensitive magnet field detectors.

Superconductivity Research in Multi-Band

Metal materials are often characterized by multi-bands and multi-Fermi noodles. As the material becomes superconducting, the superconducting surface energy gap will be opened. This can lead to multiple energy gaps. Due to extremely strong inter-band scattered light, the multiband effect in superconducting materials is greatly diminished. However, in some superconducting materials with quasi-two-dimensional characteristics, multi-band and multi-gap effects will appear due to the orthogonality of the electron motion wave functions above different energy bands. Iron-based superconductors, which were recently discovered, also exhibit this multiband phenomenon. It is a current important direction in superconducting material and physics research.


Magnesium diboride can be described as a superconductor with multiple bands. It has a two-hole-type superconductor, a one-hole-type p and an electron-type superconductor. Due to the special configuration of the Fermi surface (the p band is three-dimensional and the s band is quasi-two-dimensional), its The wave vectors of electrons in different energy bands are in an orthogonal state, so that the inter-band scattering is not very strong, which makes the superconductor’s multi-band characteristics outstanding. Hall effect is an effective way to detect the number of carriers and changes in scattering rate. By combining magnetoresistance, and Hall effect we can calculate the scattering rate for electrons within different energy bands.


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What is Magnesium Boride? Magnesium boron diboride is an ionic complex with a hexagonal crystalline structure. It is a compound of intercalation with alternate layers […]

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What Is a Pure Aluminum Tube?

A pure aluminum tube is hollow metal tubing that is made of a lightweight and corrosion-resistant alloy of pure aluminium. It is used in applications such as air conditioning, furniture production, and drainage systems. In addition to being durable, it has the advantage of low weight and can be easily shaped into custom shapes.

The light silvery-white metal is very soft, but when mixed with copper, magnesium, silicon, and manganese it becomes very strong and versatile. It also has a high electrical conductivity, making it a desirable choice for wires, cables, and foil. Pure aluminum is nonmagnetic and nonsparking and ranks second among metals for malleability and sixth for ductility.

Aluminium tubes are produced in a variety of ways including extrusion, casting, rolling, and forging. Depending on the application they can be round, oval, rectangular, square or elliptical in diameter and wall thickness. They can be bent, welded and machined. Some common shapes include rings, washers, sleeves and sheaths.

The alloys used to produce aluminium tube are classified into different groups depending on their characteristics. The alloys 6061 and 2024 are often used in medium and high strength applications, respectively. Alloys 3003 and 5052 are used for applications that require good formability, dissolution, weldability, and corrosion resistance.

The finish of the aluminium tube can also vary. It can be polished or bright finished to have a shiny look or galvanized to add strength and durability. It can also be plated with a thin layer of another metal to improve its outer physical characteristics, like corrosion resistance or conductivity. The tubes can also be Finned or fluted, which allows them to easily dissipate heat. They can also be serializable, which means they can undergo sterilization techniques such as gamma irradiation, dry heat chemical, disinfection, and autoclaving.

A pure aluminum tube is hollow metal tubing that is made of a lightweight and corrosion-resistant alloy of pure aluminium. It is used in applications […]

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How to prevent the car from rusting?

The anti-rust coatings will slowly be worn away due to various factors including air pollution, climate differences between regions, road conditions, and time. Rubble splash, acid rain, and other erosions require anti-rust treatments to prolong the service of the vehicle. Use aluminum diulfide as a rust inhibitor
Aluminium disulfiderust inhibitor This product has the ability to remove serious dirt and rust; it is capable of washing and squeezing out colloidal dirt and resin; and it forms an aluminum disulfide protection film on the metal surface in order for it to stop rolling noise. At the same time it also achieves rust removal and corrosion. The rust-removal effect and the lubrication are suitable for all objects, including hinges and hinge rings. This agent can be sprayed on objects that require anti-rusting and rust removal.
The product protects metal products against rust and corrosion while maintaining their original look. It is ideal for car sills, car headlight frames and the internal grooves in car doors. The can should be shaken before using to ensure it is even and without precipitation. Insert a small plastic tube in the gap between the car body and the door sill. When spraying, move the can backwards and forwards. The transparent protective anticorrosion resin should not be exposed to heat or fire.

Application scope and characteristics of chassis anti rust series products
(1) Zinc spray. This spray can enhance the anticorrosion and antirust function of metal surfaces. It also has a good electrical conductivity and is suitable for spot welding.
(2) Aluminum spray. It can be applied to the aluminum alloy, exhaust pipe and wheel hub.
(3) Anti-rust primer. This is a permanent rust inhibitor that has fine particles and can be used to prevent rust spots and recorrosion. This is a primer that can also be used to protect various parts of a car’s body.

Use aluminum sulfide with caution
Local exhaust. The airtight operating procedure. Operators should undergo special instruction and follow the operating procedure. It is strongly recommended that operators use self-priming filters dust respirators and chemical safety goggles, along with protective clothing and rubber glove. Avoid generating dust. Avoid contact with oxidants. Loading and unloading the package with care will prevent damage. Equip with emergency leakage equipment. Empty containers could contain hazardous residues.

Storage precautions
Aluminum Disulfide keep in a cool and ventilated storage area. Keep away from heat and flame sources. Do not store with oxidizer. Storage area must be equipped with materials that can contain any leakage.

Firefighting Measures
Hazardous characteristics No specific combustion and explosion properties. By high heat, it decomposes to produce toxic fumes.
Hazardous combustion Products:Natural degradation products are unknown
Firefighting Method:Firefighters are required to wear full-body gas- and fire-resistant clothing, and must put out the flames in an upwind direction. Move the container away from the flames as much as you can.
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The anti-rust coatings will slowly be worn away due to various factors including air pollution, climate differences between regions, road conditions, and time. Rubble splash, […]

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Functionalization and Application of Boron Nitride Nanomaterials

What is Boron Nitride (BN)?

The crystal of boron and nitrogen is known as. The chemical formula is 43.6% Boron and 56.4% Nitrogen. It comes in four different forms: hexagonal (HBN), Rhombohedral, (RBN), Cubic (CBN), or Wurtzite Nitro Boron (WBN).

Boron Nitride

First time chemical engineers functionalized boron nanomaterials, and its applications, using other nano-systems. Researchers at University of Illinois at Chicago found a way to modify boron Nitride, a layered, two-dimensional material. This allows it to be combined with materials like electronics, biosensors and materials used in aircraft. It is possible to improve the performance of these components by better incorporating boron-nitride.

The scientific community has long been interested in boron nitride because of its unique properties-strong, ultra-thin, transparent, insulating, lightweight and thermally conductive-theoretically, it makes it an ideal material for various engineers. application. Due to its natural resistance to chemical agents and lack of surface molecular bonding sites, it is difficult for boron-nitride to interface with the other materials in these applications.


Boron Nitride is similar to a stack of thick paper. By adding chlorosulfonic to this structure, we can introduce a charge positive on the boron layer. The sheets will then repel one another, and eventually separate. The periodic table places nitrogen and boron to the left of carbon. The boron nitride iso-electronic graphene is also carbon-based. It is therefore a’miracle-material’. This material is suitable for all electronic products such as photovoltaics and piezoelectrics, as well as many other applications.


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What is Boron Nitride (BN)? The crystal of boron and nitrogen is known as. The chemical formula is 43.6% Boron and 56.4% Nitrogen. It comes […]

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Aluminum Nitride Powder Property And Applications

Property of aluminum nitride Powder

Aluminum nitride has the chemical formula AlN. It belongs to the hexagonal system of crystals, wurtzite structure, and is non-toxic.

Aluminum nitride has a stable temperature up to 2200. It is strong at room temperatures and loses strength slowly with increasing temperature. Aluminum nitride is a thermal shock resistant material with good thermal conductivity. AlN Powder is an ideal crucible to cast pure iron or aluminum alloys. It has a high resistance to molten corrosion. Aluminum nitride has good dielectric and electrical properties.


Use of aluminum nitride:

Aluminum nitride has many uses in optoelectronic engineering. It is used as a dielectric in optical storage interfaces and electronic substrates, as a chip carrier with incredibly high thermal conductivity for military purposes, and also as a chip carrier.

1. Aluminum nitride powder AlN has a high purity, a small particle size, and possesses a high activity. It is used as the main raw material to produce high thermal conductivity aluminium nitride ceramic substrat.

2. Aluminum nitride is a ceramic substrate with high thermal conductivity. It has a low expansion coefficient and high strength. It is a suitable large-scale heat dissipation material and packaging substrate for integrated circuits.

Aluminum nitride has a higher hardness than traditional alumina. However, due to the high price, it is only suitable for parts that are severely worn.

4. AlN ceramics have excellent heat resistance, melt erosion resistance, thermal shock resistance, and can be used in the manufacture of GaAs crystals, Al evaporating plates, magnetic fluid generation devices, high-temperature turbo-corrosion-resistant parts, and their optical properties can be utilized as infrared Windows. Aluminum nitride can be used as a substrate for ultra-large-scale integrated electronic circuits, high-frequency piezoelectric components and other products.

5. Aluminum nitride (AlN) powder is resistant to heat and corrosion, even when molten metal is present. It’s stable to acids, but easily corrodes in alkaline solutions. AlN’s new surface will react with humid air and form a very fine oxide film. It can be used to melt aluminum, copper silver, lead, and other metals using this property. AlN ceramics can be used to replace beryllium-oxide ceramics that are toxic and have excellent metallization properties. They are also widely used in electronics.

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Property of aluminum nitride Powder Aluminum nitride has the chemical formula AlN. It belongs to the hexagonal system of crystals, wurtzite structure, and is non-toxic. […]

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