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Application of Magnesium Oxide in Ceramics

What is magnesium oxide?

Magnesium oxide is an inorganic substance with a chemical formula of MgO, an oxide of magnesium, an ionic compound. It is a white solid at the room temperature. Magnesium oxide exist in nature in the form of periclase and is the raw material for magnesium smelting.

Magnesium oxide has the high fire resistance and insulation properties. After being burned at a high temperature above 1000degC, it can be transformed into crystals. When it rises to 1500-2000degC, it will become burnt magnesia (also called magnesia) or sintered magnesia. Magnesium oxide ceramics have good conductivity, mechanical strength and high-temperature resistance, and can be used in industries such as thick film integrated circuits, glass-ceramics, and microwave media.

The concentrated application of magnesium oxide in ceramics:

1. High-purity magnesia and alumina are used to prepare molten ceramic particles, which can be widely used in the field of abrasive tools–used together with rare earth oxides as a sintering aid to prepare the silicon nitride ceramics, which can efficiently and economically manufacture various products with complex shapes, such as cutting tools, seal rings, bearings, nozzles, and different high-temperature, wear-resistant, and Corrosion products, etc.

2. Preparation of magnesia ceramic core

The use temperature of the made magnesia ceramic core is not less than 1600, and it does not react with the cast metal under high-temperature conditions. The surface of casting is smooth, which makes up for a large number of pores and holes in the inner cavity of the casting when the silicon-based core is used for casting such materials. Defects such as sticky sand; excellent solubility, can be well dissolved in weak acid, short stripping time, simple stripping equipment, pollution-free stripping process, safe and reliable, reducing the cost of precision casting; casting hollow thin-walled castings. Thermal cracking occurs; the core size has high precision; it has sufficient strength and will not be deformed or broken during modelling, handling and the furnace installation.

3. Preparation of the high-toughness ceramic materials, using high-purity magnesium oxide and yttrium oxide or rare earth metal oxides as composite stabilizers to produce partially stabilized zirconia ceramics with excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature ageing resistance. The ceramic material can be widely used as the high-temperature engineering parts and advanced refractory materials.

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What is magnesium oxide? Magnesium oxide is an inorganic substance with a chemical formula of MgO, an oxide of magnesium, an ionic compound. It is […]

Germanium oxide mainly used to make metal germanium and also used as spectral analysis and semiconductor material

Overview of germanium oxide Germanium dioxide, also known as germanium dioxide (GeO2) has the same electronic formula as carbon dioxide. The powder is white or colorless. The hexagonal crystal system is available in two types: the tetragonal system, which is insoluble at low temperatures but slightly soluble in aqueous solution. The transformation temperature is 10.33. It is mainly used in the production of metal germanium.

Is germanium dioxide acidic or alkaline
It is actually a weak acid. Oxides of germanium and tin; amphoteric compounds. The Edexcel specification appears to include germanium, which has no importance, but excludes tin, which might be more significant.
Germanium dioxide, although it is low-toxic in small doses, can be toxic to the kidneys at higher levels.
Germanium oxide is used in “miracle” cures and certain dietary supplements. High doses cause germanium poisoning.

Is germanium dioxide amphiphilic?
Germanium monoxide GeO (Germanium Oxide) is a mixture of germanium with oxygen. Is germanium dioxide ionic? Germanium oxide is also known as Germanium or Germanium Salt. It is ampholy soluable in acid as germanium salt (II), and soluble with alkali in “tri-hydro germanate”, or in “germanate”, which contains Ge (OH) 3 ion.

What is germanium oxide made of?
Hexagonal and tetragonal hexagonal crystals share the same structure of b quartz. In rutile super-quartz, germanium has a six-coordinate structure. Germanium dioxide can be converted from one structure to another by applying high pressure. Amorphous Germanium Dioxide is transformed into six-coordinate germanium. Germanium oxide with a hexagonal structure has a higher water solubility than rutile germanium oxide. When water is contacted, germanic acid forms. When germanium oxide and germanium powder is heated at 1000degC together, germanium monooxide can be produced.

How is the germanium oxide prepared?
Germanium oxide is also used to produce polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) resin and other compounds of germanium. It is a key raw material in the production of semiconductors and certain phosphors.
It is produced by melting germanium chloride or heating and oxidizing germanium. Using metal and other germanium compound as raw materials, poly can be prepared to produce optical glass-phosphors. These can then be used as conversion catalysts in petroleum refinement, dehydrogenation or gasoline ratio adjustment.
The germanium oxide is also used as a polymerization catalyst. Glass that contains germanium dioxide is highly dispersed and has high refractive indices. It can also be used to make wide-angle lenses and cameras. In the past few decades, the technology has advanced to the point that germanium dioxide can be used to produce high-purity germanium, germanium compound, chemical catalysts and even in the electronic industry. Like organic germanium (Ge-132), it is toxic and shouldn’t be taken.

What is the purpose of germanium dioxide?
Both germanium, and its glass-oxide GeO2, are transparent for the infrared range. Infrared glass is used for night vision cameras, thermal imaging, luxury cars, and military vehicles. GeO2 has the highest mechanical strength of any other infrared-transparent glass. It is therefore ideal for rugged military uses.

The optical materials used for fibers, waveguides, and other optical devices are a mixture (silicon-germanium). By controlling the ratio between elements, the refractive indices can be controlled precisely. Glass made of silicon germanium has a greater refractive index and lower viscosity than glass made from pure silicon. Germania replaces the titanium dioxide silica as the dopant of silica fibers. This eliminates the need for heat treatment which can make the fibers brittle.

Germanium oxide can be used to produce polyethylene terephthalate, and also other germanium compounds. It can be used as a source of raw materials for certain semiconductors and phosphors.

Germanium dioxide, also known as germanium dioxide, is used to prevent undesirable diatom growth. The contamination of fast-growing diatoms can inhibit or interfere with the growth rate of the original algae strains. Diatoms absorb GeO2, which replaces silicon with germanium during the diatom biochemical process. The result is a drastic reduction in growth or even a complete elimination for diatoms. Non-diatom algal species are not affected by this. The concentration of germanium oxide in the culture media is typically 1-10 mg/L, depending on contamination stage and type.

A Wide-Temperature and Fast Charge/Discharge Battery with a Germanium MXene Matrix on an Anode

It is important to have a rapid charge/discharge second battery in electric vehicles and portable electronic devices. Germanium has a greater potential for fast charge/discharge than other intercalation battery types due to its metallic property and ease of alloying with Lithium. A 2D composite electrode based on a homogeneous amorphous GeO film bonded to TiC MXenes has been successfully developed by industry in order to accommodate a volume change over 300%. The MXene matrices have an expanded interlayer area that accommodates the limited isotropic growth of the ultrathin, stress-released GeO layer. A battery with a charge/discharge speed of 3 min (20 C) was achieved due to improved e/Li (metallic reduced Ge and MXene conductivity). The battery was able to retain a high capacity of 1048.1mAh/g with a Coulombic efficacy (CE), of 99.8%, at 0.5 C. This was after 500 cycles. After ultra-long (1000 cycles) cycling, the capacity under 1.0 C was 929.6mAh/g. A CE of 99.6% (0.02% decay in capacity per cycle) was achieved. The capacity almost doubled from 372 mAh/g to 671.6 mAh/g when compared with graphite (at 0.1 C), under 5.0 C, and the capacity reached 300.5 mAh/g after 1000 cycles under 10.0 C. Due to the low energy barrier at the interface, an alloying process occurs under cold conditions. This prevents Li plating from occurring on the electrode surface. After 100 cycles, the battery showed high capacities of 631,6, 333,9, and 841,7 mAh/g in -20,-40, and-60 degC. This shows a wide tolerance to temperature. After 200 cycles, a battery with a full cell and LiNiMnCoO was able to achieve a high capacity (536.8mAh/g). It was also possible to achieve a high retention of capacity for a pouch cell with ten full cycles. This composite has a high-rate capability, as well as a wide temperature range, scalable manufacturing, and comparatively low costs.

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Overview of germanium oxide Germanium dioxide, also known as germanium dioxide (GeO2) has the same electronic formula as carbon dioxide. The powder is white or […]

The Properties And Application of Silicon nitride

What is Silicon Nitride (HTML0)?
Inorganic silicon nitride has the chemical formula Si3N4. It is a ceramic structural material with a high degree of hardness and wear resistance. It has atomic crystals, is naturally lubricious, is resistant to oxidation, and is resistant to high temperatures. Moreover, the material can withstand both cold and heat. It will not break if you heat it to over 1000 in the atmosphere, cool it quickly and then heat it rapidly. Because of its excellent characteristics, silicon nitride is often used in the manufacture of bearings. Silicon nitride is a ceramic that resists high temperatures, but also transfers heat poorly. It can therefore be used as the heating surface of engine components to improve quality, reduce fuel consumption, and increase thermal efficiency.

Silicon Nitride Application:

Silicon nitride ceramics have many outstanding properties including high thermal resistance, high oxidation resistant and high accuracy of product size. Silicon nitride has excellent chemical stability because it is a covalent, high-bonding compound that can form a protective oxide film in the atmosphere. It cannot be oxidized under 1200degC. The formation of a film between 12001600degC will prevent further corrosion.

Silicon nitride is a ceramic material that can be used to make high-temperature components for engineering, advanced refractories for the metallurgical sector, sealing components and corrosion-resistant components in chemical industry and tools and cutting tool in machining.

It can be used to bond materials in different proportions.

Silicon nitride is also used in solar cells. It is possible to use the silicon-nitride coating after the PECVD process. This film can reduce the reflection of light and also act as an antireflection layer. The ratio between silicon nitride and silicon atoms does not always follow a 4:3 ratio, but can vary within a specific range. The film’s physical properties are different for different atomic proportions.

Silicon nitride is widely used for its excellent electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties.

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What is Silicon Nitride (HTML0)? Inorganic silicon nitride has the chemical formula Si3N4. It is a ceramic structural material with a high degree of hardness […]

Silicon nitride ceramics is a material with great application potential

The ceramic material silicon nitride is inorganic and does not shrink upon sintering. Silicon nitride has a high strength, particularly hot-pressed silica nitride which is considered one of the strongest materials in the universe. It has low density, high temperature resistance, and high strength.
A Si3N4 is a covalent bonding compound. The basic structural element is the [SiN4] Tetrahedron. The silicon is in the middle of the tetrahedron. Four nitrogen atoms surround it. They are located on the four vertices. The tetrahedrons have the same form as an atom. They are connected in a three-dimensional network.

Si3N4 ceramics used as structural materials: examples

It can be used for ball bearings because of its high rigidity, lightweight, and low weight. It generates less energy, is more precision than metal, and can be used in high temperatures and with corrosive media. It has heat resistance and wear resistance. The ceramic Si3N4 steam nozzle showed no damage even after several months of use in a boiler 650. Si3N4 can be used for ball bearings because of its high rigidity and lightweight. It generates less energy, is more precision than metal, and can be used in high temperatures and with corrosive media. The ceramic steam nozzle has heat resistance and wear resistance. It shows no damage even after a few month’s use in a boiler with 650 degrees.

Si3N4 ceramics are widely used in a wide range of applications

Si3N4 ceramics’ performance and reliability are set to continue improving with the advancement of molding, sintering technology and processing. Si3N4 Ceramics have excellent comprehensive characteristics and abundant resources. They also have wear resistance, corrosion resistant, high-temperature resistence, oxidation resistant, thermal shock resistance, and low specific gravities that are uncomparable to general metal materials. It can handle harsh working environments that metal or polymer material cannot.
Si3N4 ceramics are classified as high-temperature structure ceramics due to their superior mechanical, thermal and chemical properties. The material that has the greatest potential for application.

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The ceramic material silicon nitride is inorganic and does not shrink upon sintering. Silicon nitride has a high strength, particularly hot-pressed silica nitride which is […]

The applications of aerogel in battery field will be more diversified

The most common battery type is lithium-ion, but due to its structural properties and the nature materials used, it has unavoidable problems with safety.
Due to the high total current and voltage in the power sector, thousands of single lithium-ion battery packs are often used together. Currently, the issue of battery safety is more visible. The safety problem hasn’t been fully resolved as far as battery material technology goes. Heat insulation, flame retardant, and fire protection are all effective methods to reduce harm caused by lithium-ion battery thermal runaway.

Aerogels currently have the lowest known thermal conductivity among solid materials. Aerogel insulation materials, heat-insulation panels, and heat-insulation papers have a thermal insulation performance that is up to 5x better than other products. These products also offer excellent fire retardancy and flame resistance. With the growth of the aerogel sector, applications of aerogel to batteries are becoming more widespread. They offer soft impact resistance and sound insulation as well as noise reduction.

Aerogel has a very low thermal conductivity
Researchers have tested the thermal insulation effect of heat insulation boards between single cells. Thermal runaway propagation was used to test the aerogel separator. A 6Ah battery module was wrapped with four 200mm thick insulation materials, and then a board of 1cm thickness between two monomers. The thermal runaway effect on the single cell compartment.

The experimental results showed that when monomer A becomes thermally out-of-control, monomer in the blank groups without thermal protection quickly heats and becomes thermally out-of control. In contrast, experimental monomer with an aerogel between the monomers reached only 110°C. This temperature successfully blocked the spread of thermal runaway in a 6Ah cell from a distance 20mm.

Due to its excellent properties of heat insulation and flame retardance, aerogel is able to further reduce the safe distance between monomers. Aerogel companies have created a range of ultra-thin aerogel sheets, insulation paper, and other products that are designed to maximize the power of battery packs and reduce space.

Aerogel will be used more widely in battery applications as my country develops its aerogel industry. This will include the latest military thermal batteries, but also more civilian battery areas, including new energy power, thermal insulation, and flame retardant protection of lithium-ion and accumulator batteries in electronic equipment.

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The most common battery type is lithium-ion, but due to its structural properties and the nature materials used, it has unavoidable problems with safety. Due […]

The Property And Application of Zinc Sulfide

What property does zinc sulfide have?

Zinc sulfide This inorganic compound has a chemical composition of ZnS. It appears as a powder that is white to off-white. Zinc Sulfide is stable when in dry air. When in humid air over a period of time or with moisture, it gradually oxidizes to zinc sulfate. It is insoluble in water and soluble in diluted inorganic acids.
Zinc Sulfide is usually obtained through the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with zinc salt solutions. When a small quantity of Cu,Mn,Ag is added as a activator to the ZnS crystal, it will emit different colors after being illuminated.

What are the applications of zinc sulfide?

The zinc sulfide compound semiconductors are important because they have outstanding physical characteristics, including a large band gap, high refractive indices and high light transmissibility in the visible spectrum. They also offer great potential for optics, electronic and optoelectronic applications.

Zinc Sulfide exhibits excellent electroluminescence and fluorescence effects. Nano-zinc has a unique effect. It has excellent properties in the areas of magnetism (electricity), optics (optics), mechanics (mechanics) and catalysis. It is for this reason that research into nano-zinc-sulfide caused In 1994 Bhargava reported on the surface passivation properties of nano ZnS:Mn-phosphor, which not only had an external quantum efficiencies of up to 18% at high temperatures but also a fluorescence life of five orders of magnitude shorter. The performance of ZnS has improved dramatically, opening up new possibilities for its use in materials.

Zinc Sulfide: Used as a paint, paintmaking, opaque and white glass, filling of rubber and plastic, and to prepare phosphor.

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What property does zinc sulfide have? Zinc sulfide This inorganic compound has a chemical composition of ZnS. It appears as a powder that is white […]

Physical properties of silicon carbide powder pellet binder

The silicon carbide pellet binder is refined from white polymer materials, and the addition amount is only 1%. It has a strong affinity and bonding function for silicon carbide raw materials, improves the hydrophilicity of the mixture, and the ball formation rate is 98%. Silicon carbide (SiC) is made of quartz sand, petroleum coke, coke, anthracite, wood chips and salt as raw materials, and is smelted at high temperature in a resistance furnace. The main conditions for silicon carbide to enter the furnace raw materials are the purity and particle size of the raw materials, otherwise there will be reasons such as poor gas permeability of the furnace charge and incomplete reaction of C and SiO2. Because the too fine raw materials cannot be fed into the furnace as the charge, the charge is added with high-purity binder and processed into smelting pellets. It is used to smelt silicon carbide to solve the gas permeability of the charge, complete the reaction of C and SiO2, save energy and reduce emissions. The best way to reduce production costs.
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The silicon carbide pellet binder is refined from white polymer materials, and the addition amount is only 1%. It has a strong affinity and bonding […]

The Properties And Application of Arsenic trioxide

The ATO powder, also known as arsenic trioxide, is an excellent heat insulation and conductive powder. Thermal insulation is used widely in coatings and polymer films. As a conductive substance, it offers unmatched advantages over other conductive substances (such as surfactants and metal powders). Dispersion, activity, thermoplasticity and wear resistance are all important factors. It’s used in photoelectric devices, transparent electrodes, solar cells and liquid crystal display, as well as catalysis. ATO (antimony doped tin oxide) is a transparent, light-colored conductive powder. It uses or doping (antimony), instead of (tin), in order to form a defect-solid melt that forms oxygen vacancies or emitted electrons to conduct electricity. Environmental dependence is a disadvantage.

Arsenic trioxide, with its excellent properties in terms of electrical, mechanical and thermal properties, is widely used as a semiconductor electronic package.
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The ATO powder, also known as arsenic trioxide, is an excellent heat insulation and conductive powder. Thermal insulation is used widely in coatings and polymer […]

The Properties And Applications of Spherical Aluminum Oxide Powder

Spherical aluminum oxide produced by high-temperature melt spraying has the characteristics of high sphericity and high content of a-phase aluminum oxide. Spherical aluminum oxide shows superior performance when used as a filler for rubber, plastics, and ceramic materials.

Spherical Aluminum Oxide Properties

1. High filling
Spherical aluminum oxide has high sphericity and wide particle size distribution. It can fill rubber and plastics with high density and can obtain a mixture with low viscosity and good fluidity.

2. High thermal conductivity
Because spherical Al2O3 can be filled with high density, compared with crystalline silicon powder, a mixture with high thermal conductivity and good heat dissipation can be obtained.

3. Low abrasion
Because of the spherical appearance of spherical aluminum oxide, the abrasion of equipment such as kneaders, molding machines and molds is greatly reduced, which can extend the service life of the equipment.

Spherical Aluminum Oxide Applications

1. Ceramic additives
Adding a certain amount of nano-spherical aluminum oxide powder can effectively solve the shortcomings of ceramics due to low temperature brittleness and narrow application range, which can be made into low-temperature plastic spherical aluminum oxide ceramics; adding 5.0% nano-spherical aluminum oxide powder to conventional ceramics The body can effectively increase the toughness of the ceramic and reduce the sintering temperature of the ceramic.

2. Composite materials
Nano-spherical Al2O3 powder can not only be used to synthesize new composite ceramic materials with special properties, but also can be used to make artificial teeth and bones.

3. Surface protective coating
Spherical aluminum oxide powder particles are sprayed on metals, plastics, etc., which can greatly improve the hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and fire resistance of the surface, and can be used for surface protection such as machinery, knives and chemical pipelines.

4. Optical materials
Nano-sized spherical aluminum oxide powder has a strong ability to absorb ultraviolet light below 250nm. If a few nanometers of spherical aluminum oxide powder is doped into rare earth phosphors, the blue shift phenomenon of nano-ultraviolet absorption can be used to absorb it. Harmful ultraviolet light, and will not reduce the luminous efficiency of the phosphor.

Nano-spherical aluminum oxide can be sintered into transparent ceramics as the material of high-pressure sodium lamps and can be combined with rare-earth phosphors as the luminescent material of the luminous lamp, which will not only reduce the cost but also prolong the life of the luminous lamp, it will be the main fluorescent material for the manufacture of the luminous lamp in the future.

5. Semiconductor materials
The nano-scale spherical aluminum oxide powder is extremely sensitive to humidity, has extremely high application value in temperature sensors, and can be widely used as the substrate material of large-scale integrated circuits.

6. Catalyst and its carrier
Spherical Al2O3 powder has a large specific surface area, and the surface of the particles has extremely rich mismatch bonds and under-oxygen bonds. When pressed into a sheet, it will contain abundant pores, with a porosity of 30-40%, which can be made into a porous membrane filter. The performance of the catalyst and catalyst carrier made by this is several times superior to the performance of similar products currently used.

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Spherical aluminum oxide produced by high-temperature melt spraying has the characteristics of high sphericity and high content of a-phase aluminum oxide. Spherical aluminum oxide shows […]

Performance Characteristics And Applications of Silicon Nitride Ceramics

Silicon Nitride Ceramics:

Silicon nitride A synthetic superhard material, ceramics is made of a high-quality polymer. Ceramics have good lubricating and hardening properties, and are especially hard at high temperatures. They also exhibit outstanding wear resistance in high temperatures and possess corrosion and oxidation resistance.
The silicon nitride’s resistance to thermal shock, compared with other industrial materials ceramics, is also a distinctive feature. It is heated up to over 1000degC and cooled down quickly. Then it is quickly heated again without splitting. Because of its excellent thermal shock resistance it is often used for high-temperature mechanical components, such as turbine blade mechanical sealing rings, welding moulds, etc.

Also, silicon nitride ceramics have excellent mechanical and workability properties. The hardness of silicon nitride common ceramics is less than diamond. Processing is done by using diamond wheels, grinding heads and other processing technologies. Precision grinding, cutting and drilling are all possible.

Silicon nitride ceramics applications:

Si3N4 Ceramic Material is an excellent material for high temperature engineering. Its application in this field can fully exploit its benefits.

The future direction of Si3N4 development is to: (1) make full use of Si3N4’s excellent properties. (2) when Si3N4 Powder is sintered, create some new fluxes and research the best components from existing fluxes.

Si3N4 ceramics used in automobile engines have created a unique situation for the creation of new structural materials that can withstand high temperatures. The automobile industry is a multidisciplinary field that combines the best of many technologies. China is a civilization that has a very long history. In the development of ceramics, it has achieved many brilliant things. China’s reform and openness will one day make it to the top of the auto industry and the ceramics development.

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Silicon Nitride Ceramics: Silicon nitride A synthetic superhard material, ceramics is made of a high-quality polymer. Ceramics have good lubricating and hardening properties, and are […]

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